“STUDY UPDATE” – HERE YOU WILL FIND A SELECTION OF CURRENT NEUROFEEDBACK STUDIES

ILF neurofeedback mechanisms and neurophysiology

Dobrushina, O. R., Dobrynina, L.A., Arina, G.A., Kremneva, E., Novikova, E.S., Gubanova. M.V., Pechenkova, E.V., Suslina, A.D., Aristova, V.V., Trubitsyna, V.V. & Krotenkova, M.V. (2022). Enhancing Brain Connectivity With Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback During Aging: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891547. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891547

Fleischman, M. J. (2022). Documenting the Impact of Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Underserved Populations with Complex Clinical Presentations. Front. Hum. Neurosci.16:921491. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.921491

Kropotov J.D. (2022). The enigma of infra-slow fluctuations in the human EEG. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:928410. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.928410

Seuß S, Riederle J. (2021). Erfahrungen mit Neurofeedback in der therapeutischen Praxis.Praxis Ergotherapie; 2:75–81.

Dobrushina, O., Vlasova, R.M., Rumshiskaya, A.D., Litvionova, L.D., Mershina, E.A., Sinitsyn, V.E. and Pechenkova, E.V. (2020). Modulation of Intrinsic Brain Connectivity by

Implicit Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14: 192.

Grin-Yatsenko, V., Kara, O., Evdokimov, S., Gregory, M., Othmer, S. & Kropotov, J. (2020). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Modulates Infra-Slow Oscillations of Brain Potentials: A Controlled Study. Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Research, 4, 1-11.

Dobrushina, O., Pechenkova, E.V., Vlasova, R., Rumshiskaya, A.D., Litvinova, L., Mershina, E. and Sinitsyn, V. (2018). Exploring the brain contour of implicit infra-low frequency EEG neurofeedback: a resting state fMRI study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 131, S76 (2018).

Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A., Kara, O., Wandernoth, B., Gregory, M., Ilyukhina, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2018). Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations. In Biofeedback. IntechOpen

Arina, G., Osina, E., Dobrushina, O. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017). Sham-neurofeedback as an intervention: Placebo or nocebo? European Psychiatry, 41, 253-254.

Altan, S., Berberoglu, B., Canan, S. & Dane, S. (2016). Effects of neurofeedback therapy in healthy young subjects. Clin invest Med 39, 27–30.

Dobrushina, O., Vlasova, R., Pechenkova, E.V., Rumshiskaya, A.D., Litvinova, L., Mershina, E.A. and Sinitsyn, V. (2015). The effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on default mode network of the brain. Conference paper at Applied Neuroscience and Social Well being, Moscow. (In Russian language).

Othmer S., Othmer S.F., Kaiser D. & Putman J. (2013). Endogenous Neuromodulation at Infra-Low Frequencies. Seminars in Paediatric Neurology, 20(4), 246-257.

Legarda S., McMahon D., Othmer S. & Othmer SF. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Case Studies, Proposed Mechanism and Implication for Paediatric Neurology Practice. Journal of Child Neurology, 26(8), 1045-1051.

Othmer S., Othmer SF. & Legarda S. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain

Behavior. Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, 2, 67-73.

ILF Neurofeedback in the latest clinical application

Addiction

Corominas-Roso, M., Ibern, I., Capdevila, M., Ramon, R., Roncero, C. & Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. (2020). Benefits of EEG-Neurofeedback on the Modulation of Impulsivity in a Sample of Cocaine and Heroin Long-Term Abstinent Inmates: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(12), 1275-1298.

ADHD

Ölçüoğlu, R., Kozanoğlu, I., Mıdık, M. & Ates, E. G. (2024). The Impact of Neurofeedback Training on Cognitive Abilities Assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised in Children with Attention Deficit: A Randomized Single-Blind Sham-Controlled Study. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 55(6), 603-612. doi:10.1177/15500594241279997

Wührer, G. & Kolbe, S. (2024). Klinisches ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Gehirnfunktions-Training bei psychischen Störungsbildern – eine Übersicht mit Anwendungsbeispielen. Forum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 4, 62–87. (In German language)

Ströhle, G. (2023). Infra-Low Frequency Training. In: Sidiropoulos, K. (eds). EEG-Neurofeedback bei ADS und ADHS. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_17

Schneider, H., Riederle, J. & Seuss, S. (2021): Therapeutic Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training on Children and Adolescents with ADHD. In: Brain-Computer

Interface, Vahid Asadpour ed., IntechOpen Limited, 2021:13, 75-92. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.97938

Prinz, W. (2015): Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. Psychopraxis. Neuropraxis 18, 180–183. (In German language)

Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014): Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus. Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27. (In German language)

Ahlstrand, P. & Grattbeck, M. (2013): Neurofeedback - ett behandlingsalternativ vid ADHD. Specialised Thesis in Clinical Psychology/Neuropsychology. (In Swedish language)

Aging and dementia

Dobrushina, O. R., Dobrynina, L.A., Arina, G.A., Kremneva, E., Novikova, E.S., Gubanova. M.V., Pechenkova, E.V., Suslina, A.D., Aristova, V.V., Trubitsyna, V.V. and rotenkova,

M.V. (2022). Enhancing Brain Connectivity With Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback During Aging: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–12.

Legarda, S.B., Michas-Martin, P. A. & McDermott, D. (2022). Managing Intractable Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Nonsurgical Approach Employing Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894781. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894781

Anxiety disorder

Wührer, G., Kolbe, S., Bolduan, U., Icking, A., Schneider, H. (2025). Klinisches ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Training bei psychischen Störungsbildern - Studienlage, Anwendungsbeispiele und Kostenerstattung. Forum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 1, 42–68. (In German language)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Saleem, S. & Habib, S. H. (2024). Effect of Infra Low Frequency (ILF) neurofeedback training on EEG in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pakistan J. Med. Sci. 40(7), 1397-1402. Wührer, G. & Kolbe, S. (2024). Klinisches ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und Jugendlichen Gehirnfunktions-Training bei psychischen Störungsbildern – eine Übersicht mit Anwendungsbeispielen. Forum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 4, 62–87. (In German language)

Esmaeilzadeh Kanafgourabi S. N., Shabani, M., Mirchi, Z., Aliyari, H. & Mahdavi, P. (2023): The impact of ILF neurofeedback on inhibitory control in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Preliminary evidence of a randomized controlled trial, Applied Neuropsychology: Child 14(2), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2023.2258247

Saleem, S. & Habib, S. H. (2023). Neurofeedback Recuperates Cognitive Functions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 54(8), 1-11. doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06037-7

Rauter, A., Schneider, H. & Prinz, W. (2022): Effectivity of ILF Neurofeedback on Autism spectrum disorder – a Case Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1-6.

Prinz, W. (2015): Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. psychopraxis. neuropraxis 18, 180-183. (In German language)

Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014): Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus. Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27. (In German language)

Othmer S. & Othmer S.F. (2011): Neurofeedback for the Autism Spectrum. In K. Siri and T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism (262-267). Skyhorse Publishing.

Brain injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Carlson, J., Webster Ross, G, Tyrrell, C., Fiame, B., Nunokawa, C., Siriwardhana, C.,Schaper, K. (2025). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback impact on post-concussive symptoms of headache, insomnia and attention disorder: Results of a randomized control trial. Explore 21, 103137. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2025.103137

Annaheim C, Hug K, Stumm C, Messerli M, Simon Y and Hund-Georgiadis M (2022): Neurofeedback in patients with frontal brain lesions: A randomized, controlled double-blind trial. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:979723. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.979723

Carlson, J. & Ross, G. (2021): Neurofeedback Impact on Chronic Headache, Sleep and Attention Disorders Experienced by Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. Biofeedback, 49(1), 2-9.

Chronic diseases

Borchert, N., Eliasson, H., Hamne, G., Hodgson, K., Lyche, T., Mayer-Pelinski, R., Praesto, F., Radu, G., Sandström, U. & Stapleton, P.B. (2023). Learning from Läklabbet: An integrative transdisciplinary eco therapeutic treatment approach designed to promote resource capacity in people recovering from chronic ill health . Open Access Digital rchive, 2023, 1–9.

Depression

Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2020): Effect of infra-low frequency neurofeedback on the functional state of the brain in healthy and depressed individuals. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain: Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.). Routledge, pp. 244-255.

Grin-Yatsenko, V. A. et al. (2018): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in depression: Three case studies. NeuroRegulation 5, 30–42.

Tschiesner, R. (2023). Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback Treatment in Dysthymia : A Case Study. Behav. Sci. (Basel). 13(9), 711. doi: 10.3390/bs13090711.

Eating disorder

Winkeler, A., Winkeler, M. & Imgart, H. (2022): Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:890682. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.890682

Leong, S. L., Vanneste, S., Lim, J., Smith, M., Manning, P., & De Ridder, D. (2018): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of closed-loop infraslow brain training in food addiction. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-9.

Chirita-Emandi, A., & Puiu, M. (2014): Outcomes of neurofeedback training in childhood obesity management: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(11), 831–837.

Fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, concussion

Legarda, S. B., Lahti, C. E., Mcdermott, D. & Michas-martin, A. (2022): Use of Novel Concussion Protocol With Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation Demonstrates Significant Treatment Response in Patients With Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms, a Retrospective Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894758. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894758

Ingvaldsen, S. H. (2019): QEEG and Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training in Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study Master’s thesis in Psychology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Psychology, NTNU. Lamprecht, C. E. (2019): The effect of neurofeedback in post-concussion syndrome. Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University.

Dobrushina, O. R., Varako, N. A., Kovyazina, M. S. & Zinchenko, Y. P. (2016): Combination of Neurofeedback and cognitive training in attention deficit due to multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 108, 118.

Insomnia

Orakpo N, Yuan C, Olukitibi O, Burdette J and Arrington K (2022): Does Virtual Reality Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid Insomnia While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder?: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376

Moore, P.T. (2022): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback and insomnia as a model of CNS dysregulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959491. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959491

Migraines and tension headaches

Arina, G.A., Dobrushina, O.R., Shvetsova, E.T., Osina, E.D., Meshkov, G.A., Aziatskaya, G.A., Trofimova, A.K., Efremova, I.N., Martunov, S.E. & Nikolaeva, V.V. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in Tension-Type Headache: A Cross-Over Sham-Controlled Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891323. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891323

Legarda, S.B., Michas-Martin, P. A. & McDermott, D. (2022). Remediating Intractable Headache: An Effective Nonpharmacological Approach Employing Infralow Frequency

Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894856. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894856

Dobrushina, O., Arina, G., Osina, E. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017): Clinical and psychological confirmation of stabilizing effect of neurofeedback in migraine. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), p253. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.045

Peak Performance

Bakhtafrooz, S., Kavyani, M., Farsi, A. & Alboghebeish, S. (2025). The effect of infra low frequency – neurofeedback training on pistol shooting performance and attention in semi-skilled players. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 19:1487737. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1487737

Othmer, S. F. S. & Othmer, S. F. S. (2011). Performance Enhancement Applications of Neurofeedback. In: Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance, 17–30. doi:10.1002/9781119959984.ch2

Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness

Sasu R (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Case report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959579. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959579

PTSD

Kirk, H.W. & Dahl, M.G. (2022): Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training for Trauma Recovery: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:905823. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.905823

Spreyermann, R. (2022). Case Report : Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback for PTSD : A Therapist`s Perspective. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:893830. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.893830

Winkeler, A., Winkeler, M. & Imgart, H. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:890682, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.890682

Gerge, A. (2020). A multifaceted case-vignette integrating neurofeedback and EMDR in the treatment of complex PTSD. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3), 100157.

Dahl, M. G. (2020). Neurofeedback with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain:Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge, pp.256-284.

Nilsson, R. M. & Nilsson, V. (2014). Neurofeedback Treatment for Traumatized Refugees - A Pilot Study. Master thesis, Dept. of Psychology, Lund University.

Kelson, C. Y. (2013). The Impact of EEG Biofeedback on Veterans’ Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)..The Chicago School of Professional Psychology ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2013. 3606174.

Othmer, S., Othmer, S. F. & Legarda, S. B. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain Behavior. Treat. Strateg. Pediatr. Neurol. Psychiatry 2, 67–73.

Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2009). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Neurofeedback Remedy. Biofeedback 37, 24–31.

Refractory neurological disorders (epilepsy, cerebral palsy)

Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S. S. & Othmer, S. S. (2011): Clinical neurofeedback: Case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric neurology practice. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1045–1051.

Schmidt, C. & Laugesen, H. (2023). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback training in Dravet syndrome: a case study. Epilepsy Behav. Reports 100606. doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100606

Schizophrenia

Nestoros, J.N. and Vallianatou N.G. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback rapidly ameliorates schizophrenia symptoms: A case report of the first session. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:923695. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.923695

Tinnitus

Güntensperger, D. (2018). Treatment of chronic tinnitus with neurofeedback. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich). (Attn: The authors have primarily used frequency band NFB training in their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)

Güntensperger, D., Thüring, C., Meyer, M., Neff, P. Kleinjung, T. (2017). Neurofeedback for Tinnitus Treatment - Review and Current Concepts. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9,386.(Attn: The authors have primarily used frequency band NFB training in their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)

Tourette syndrome/tic disorders

Solberg, B. & Solberg, E. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in application to Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: A clinical case series. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891924. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891924

Virtual Reality NFB in Pain Therapy

Orakpo, N., Yuan, C., Olukitibi, O., Burdette, J. & Arrington, K. (2022). Does Virtual Reality Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid Insomnia While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder? A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376.

Orakpo, N., Vieux, U. & Castro-Nunez, C. (2021). Case Report: Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Therapy as a Novel Modality for Sustained Analgesia in Centralized Pain Syndromes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 418. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660105

ILF Neurofeedback Therapy – Practical Experience and Case Reports

Knežević, B. (2024). Neurofeedback Treatment – Application in Speech and Language Therapy, Logopedija, 14(1), 23-31. doi: 10.31299/log.14.1.3 (In Croatian language)

Theis T, Bolduan U, Seuß S, Spallek J, Wandernoth B and Mayer-Pelinski R (2025) ILF-neurofeedback in clinical practice: examining symptom change and performance metrics across diagnostic groups. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 19:1601187. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1601187

Reviews

Bazzana, F., Finzi, S., Di Fini, G. & Veglia, F. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:920659. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.920659

Books and book chapters on the topic of ILF neurofeedback

Haus, K.-M. et al. (2015). Praxisbuch Biofeedback und Neurofeedback. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59720-0 (In German language)

Kirk, H. W. (2020). Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.

Othmer S. (2019). Protocol Guide for Neurofeedback Clinicians, 7th Edition. EEG Info. ISBN: 0989543277.

Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2011). Performance Enhancement Applications of Neurofeedback. In Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance 17–30. Wiley-Blackwell. Sidiropoulos, K. (ed.) (2023). EEG-Neurofeedback bei ADS und ADHS. Innovative Behandlung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland. ISBN: 978-3-662-65725-6. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3 (In German language)

Ströhle, G. (2023): Infra-Low Frequency Training. In: Sidiropoulos, K. (ed.) (2023): EEG-Neurofeedback bei ADS und ADHS. Kapitel 17, 237-271. Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_17(In German language)

Wiedemann, M. & Segler, K. (2017): Neurofeedback - Wie eine spielerisch leichte Therapie dem Gehirn hilft, Probleme zu überwinden. Kösel, ISBN: 3466346827. (In German language)

Wiedemann, M. & Segler, K. (2024). Neurofeedback - A gentle therapy to help the brain help itself. BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN: 9783758375095.